The physical realization of qubits presents a formidable engineering challenge, primarily due to the minuscule scale at which quantum phenomena manifest and the extreme fragility of quantum states. Consequently, a diverse array of technological approaches are being explored globally to construct stable, controllable, and scalable quantum computing hardware. Each modality possesses distinct advantages and inherent

The operational foundation of quantum computing is rooted in principles that diverge significantly from classical computation. Understanding these fundamental distinctions is paramount to appreciating the unique capabilities and inherent complexities of quantum systems. Bits vs. Qubits Classical computers process and store data using bits, which are discrete units of information represented as either a 0