LDL Cholesterol: The “Bad” Cholesterol
What is LDL?
LDL stands for Low-Density Lipoprotein. It’s often referred to as the “bad” cholesterol because high levels of LDL in the blood can lead to a buildup of cholesterol in the arteries, increasing the risk of heart disease and stroke.
How LDL Works:
LDL carries cholesterol from the liver to cells throughout the body. However, when there’s too much LDL, it can deposit cholesterol along the walls of arteries, forming plaques (a condition called atherosclerosis). These plaques narrow and harden the arteries, restricting blood flow and potentially leading to cardiovascular events.
Optimal LDL Levels (mg/dL):
- Optimal: Less than 100
- Near optimal/above optimal: 100–129
- Borderline high: 130–159
- High: 160–189
- Very high: 190 and above
Note: Target levels may vary depending on individual risk factors (e.g., diabetes, existing heart disease). Some high-risk patients may aim for LDL <70 mg/dL.
Factors That Raise LDL:
- Diets high in saturated fats (e.g., red meat, full-fat dairy) and trans fats
- Obesity
- Physical inactivity
- Smoking
- Genetics (e.g., familial hypercholesterolemia)
- Certain medical conditions (e.g., hypothyroidism, kidney disease)
How to Lower LDL:
- Dietary changes:
- Reduce saturated and trans fats
- Increase soluble fiber (oats, beans, fruits, vegetables)
- Add plant sterols/stanols and healthy fats (e.g., avocados, nuts, olive oil)
- Exercise regularly: Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity per week.
- Maintain a healthy weight
- Quit smoking
- Medications (if needed):
- Statins (most common)
- Ezetimibe
- PCSK9 inhibitors (for high-risk or genetic cases)
Why It Matters:
Elevated LDL is a major modifiable risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Managing LDL levels is a cornerstone of preventive cardiology.
Always consult a healthcare provider for personalized advice and treatment based on your overall health profile.